Dr. Kathleen L. Valentine received her Ph.D. from Cornell University in 1989. Her dissertation topic was the economic value of caring nurses, with the title “The Value of Caring Nurses: Implications for Patient Satisfaction, Quality of Care and Cost.” A complete curriculum vitae (CV) dated October 20, 2007 is archived. In this CV, Dr. Valentine states: “The Primary focus of my publications has been to report on methods and findings from studies that I conducted that involve caring and how it matters to individuals, families, and systems. As president of the International Association for Human Caring [1996 – 1999] I initiated the International Journal for Human Caring, to help disseminate care/caring scholarly work. Some of my most recent work is in analyzing and synthesizing findings across studies of caring. I was the founding Editor and continued as Editor from 1997-2001.”
Dr. Swanson is currently [2007] Professor and Chair of Family and Child Nursing, School of Nursing, University of Washington, Seattle, WA. She received her B.S. degree in 1975 from the University of Rhode Island, and M.S.N. from the University of Pennsylvania in 1978. A complete curriculum vitae dated October 23, 2007 is archived; Dr. Swanson’s web site is http://www.son.washington.edu/departments/fcn/faculty_bio.asp?id=103 [March 15, 2011]
Madeleine M. Leininger graduated from St. Anthony’s Hospital School of Nursing in Denver, Colorado, in 1948. During her training, she was a member of the U.S. Cadet Nurse Corps, a federally-funded program to increase the numbers of nurses being trained to meet anticipated needs during World War II. She received the BS degree from Mount St. Scholastica College (later Benedictine College) in Atchison, Kansas, in 1950, and earned the equivalent of a BSN through her studies in biological sciences, nursing administration, teaching and curriculum at Creighton University in Omaha, Nebraska, during 1951-1954. This prepared her for graduate studies (Psychiatric Mental Health Nursing) at The Catholic University of America, Washington, DC, where she received her MSN in 1954. She then studied at the University of Cincinnati, pursuing further graduate studies in curriculum, social sciences and nursing (1955-58), and directed the Child Psychiatric Nursing Program as an Associate Professor of Nursing (1954-1959.) She pursued doctoral studies beginning in 1960; during this time she was awarded a National League of Nursing Fellowship for fieldwork in the Eastern Highlands of New Guinea, where she studied the convergence and divergence of human behavior in two Gadsup villages. Dr. Leininger received a PhD in Cultural and Social Anthropology from the University of Washington in 1966.
Dr. Leininger’s academic career is impressive. Beginning as Associate Professor of Nursing at the University of Cincinnati in 1954, she went on to the University of Colorado (1966-1969) where she held a joint appointment in the College of Nursing and the Department of Anthropology and directed the Nurse Scientist Program. From 1969-1974 she was Dean and Professor of Nursing at the University of Washington where she also held a Lecturer appointment in the Department of Anthropology. At the University of Utah (1974-1981) she was Dean and Professor of Nursing, Adjunct Professor of Anthropology, and Director of the Center for Nursing Research and of the Doctoral and Transcultural Nursing Programs. While at Wayne State University (1981-1985) she was Professor of Nursing, Adjunct Professor of Anthropology, and Director of the Transcultural Nursing Program and of the Center for Health Research. From 1995 to present she has been an Adjunct Clinical Professor of Nursing at the University of Nebraska. At present, Dr. Leininger’s titles include Professor Emeritus of Nursing, Wayne State University College of Nursing; Adjunct Clinical Professor at University of Nebraska College of Nursing; Fellow of the American Academy of Nursing; and Distinguished Fellow of the Royal College of Nursing (Australia). She was honored as a Living Legend by the American Academy of Nursing (1998), and holds honorary degrees from Benedictine College (LHD, 1975), University of Indianapolis (DS, 1990), and University of Kuopio, Finland (PhDNSc, 1991). The Transcultural Nursing Society, founded by Dr. Leininger in 1974, “...continues to serve as an important annual forum to bring nurses together worldwide with common and diverse interests to improve care to people of diverse and similar cultures. Members are
active in consultation, teaching, research, direct care and in policy-making in national and transnational arenas” (TCN Website, www.tcns.org). Dr. Leininger, credited with saying, “Caring is the essence of nursing,” established the Caring Conferences in 1978 as a forum for nurse scholars interested in advancing caring knowledge to gather for formal presentations, informal dialogue, and to evolve research related to caring sciences. This once small group has evolved into the International Association for Human Caring (IAHC). All this began in the 1950’s, when Madeleine Leininger became fascinated with anthropology, finding many concepts she believed were pertinent to nursing. She became the first professional nurse to receive a PhD in cultural and social anthropology, and her vision of the “blending” of two fields, nursing and anthropology, led to her “Culture Care Diversity and Universality: A Worldwide Theory of Nursing.” As the mother of transcultural nursing and founder of the Transcultural Nursing Society, she has advanced transcultural nursing through education, research, administration, and practice. Dr. Leininger was in demand for over 35 years as a consultant and speaker on issues relating to transcultural nursing and human caring in education and research, and continued such engagements through 2011.
Marilyn Anne Ray, RN, BSN, MSN, MA, PhD, CTN-A, FSfAA, FAAN is Professor Emeritus at Florida Atlantic University, Christine E. Lynn College of Nursing, Boca Raton, Florida. She holds a diploma in Nursing from St. Joseph Hospital, Hamilton, Canada; Bachelor and Master of Science degrees in Nursing from the University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado; Master of Arts, in Cultural Anthropology from McMaster
University, Hamilton, Canada; a Doctor of Philosophy in Transcultural Nursing from the University of Utah College of Nursing, Salt Lake City, Utah; and an honorary degree from Nevada State College, Henderson, Nevada. Ray has held faculty positions at the University of San Francisco, University of California San Francisco, McMaster University, the University of Colorado, and the Eminent Scholar positions at Florida
Atlantic University and Virginia Commonwealth University, and Professorial and Professor Emeritus positions at Florida Atlantic University. In addition, Ray attended Ethics Courses at Georgetown University in Washington, DC, and studied with the theoretical physicist, Dr. F. David Peat on Complexity Science at the Pari Center for New Learning in Pari, Italy. Ray is a Fellow of the Society for Applied Anthropology (FSfAA), and is a Fellow of the American Academy of Nursing (FAAN). She is certified as an Advanced Transcultural Nurse (CTN-A), and was awarded the position of a Transcultural Nursing Scholar from the Transcultural Nursing Society.
For 32 years, Ray served the United States of America in the field of aerospace nursing administration, flight nursing, practice, education, and research as an officer in the United States Air Force Reserve (USAFR), Nurse Corps and retired as a Colonel in 1999. Her uniform is in the Archives of Caring in Nursing at Florida Atlantic University. Ray attended a program in space education at the Marshall Space Center in Huntsville, Alabama in preparation for the potential role of "nurses in space." Ray is featured in Who's Who in America and Who's Who in the World. Ray has researched, presented and published nationally and internationally n the subjects of caring science, holistic nursing, transcultural caring, technological caring, and caring ethics in complex organizations, primarily hospitals, and discovered the Theory of Bureaucratic Caring in 1981, and with Dr. Marian Turkel, the Theory of Relational Caring Complexity, and also advanced the Theory of Transcultural Caring Dynamics in Nursing and Health Care.
Ray is a charter member and served on the Board of Directors of the International Association for Human Caring (IAHC) from 2012-2015. Ashe currently is Co-Chair of the IAHC By-Laws Committee. An award is presented each year in honor of Ray's late husband, James L. Droesbeke to an international student of caring science. Ray’s books include, A Study of Caring within an Institutional Culture: The Discovery of the Theory of Bureaucratic Caring; Transcultural Caring Dynamics in Nursing and Health Care [2nd edition in press]; The Ethics of Care and the Ethics of Cure: Synthesis in Chronicity, and with her colleagues, Davidson and Turkel, Nursing, caring, and complexity science: For human-environment wellbeing (2011 American Journal of Nursing, Book of the Year Award for Professional Development). Ray is in the process of contributing to a book with Dr. Mary Enzman Hines for the Dr. Max van Manen book series, the Phenomenology of Practice focusing on the Phenomenology of Caring Practice. Ray serves on the board of the Anne Boykin Institute (ABI) for the Advancement of Caring Science and is the Chair of the Faculty Development, Learning Partnerships Committee. She is on the boards of the Global Qualitative Nursing Research (on line journal), Qualitative Health Research, and the Journal of Art and Aesthetics in Nursing and Health Sciences, and is a reviewer for Nursing Inquiry and the Journal of Transcultural Nursing. Her website is http://www.marilynray.com.